甲型/乙型/甲流H1N1三通道核酸診斷試劑

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甲型/乙型/甲流H1N1三通道核酸診斷試劑

1、甲/乙型流感病毒如何劃分的？
流感病毒長成這個樣子：外面是包膜，里面是核心，表面和里面有一些可供辨識的結構（主要是蛋白/糖蛋白），根據這些在RNA中是否表達來給它們分型和分亞型。RNA可以分成數個片段。
甲乙丙的核心基本結構都是一樣的，有核蛋白（對應1個片段）和RNA多聚酶（圖中的P蛋白）（對應3個片段）。
甲和乙表面有2種刺突（圖中的血凝素和神經氨酸酶）（對應2個片段）
甲和乙的區別在于：甲在包膜上和包膜內有2種膜蛋白（對應2個片段），而乙則是有2種non-structure蛋白（對應2個片段）。所以甲和乙的RNA都是有8個片段。
丙只有1種刺突（血凝素），所以它的RNA有7個片段。
再往下分，還可以分亞型。比如這次的禽流感病毒H7N9，指的是血凝素屬于已發現的第7種、神經氨酸酶屬于已發現的第9種。
2、抗原檢測陰/陽性具有什么含義？抗體檢測呢？
免疫系統始終在監視著人體內的狀況。病原菌進入人體后，經過免疫系統的處理，那些“可供辨識的結構”們就有可能被識別出來，免疫系統發現這貨不是人體正常有的，于是根據這些被識別的標記展開反病原菌行動。被辨識的就是抗原。

1, A / B influenza virus how to divide?
The flu virus grows like this: the envelope is enveloped outside, the core is inside, there are some recognizable structures (mainly protein / glycoproteins) on the surface and inside, and they are classified and sub-divided according to whether they are expressed in RNA type. RNA can be divided into several fragments.
The basic structure of A and B core are the same, there are nuclear protein (corresponding to a fragment) and RNA polymerase (P protein in the figure) (corresponding to three fragments).
There are two kinds of spikes on the surface of A and B (hemagglutinin and neuraminidase in the figure) (corresponding to two fragments)
The difference between A and B is that A has two membrane proteins (corresponding to two fragments) on the envelope and in the envelope, while B has two non-structure proteins (corresponding to two fragments). So A and B RNA is 8 fragments.
C has only one spike (hemagglutinin), so its RNA has seven fragments.
Further points down, you can sub-sub-type. For example, the H7N9 bird flu virus, which refers to the hemagglutinin has been found in the first 7, neuraminidase belongs to the 9th found.
2, antigens detection of negative / positive What is the meaning? Antibody detection?
The immune system is always monitoring the condition in the body. After the pathogen enters the human body and is processed by the immune system, those "structures for identification" are likely to be identified. The immune system finds that the product is not normally available to the human body. Therefore, anti-pathogenic bacteria are activated according to these identified markers. Identified is the antigen.

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國外關于空間細胞培養裝置的發展趨勢是針對空間生物技術的商業化問題，進一步研究細胞對微重力條件的反應；改進設計在微重力下的培養裝置；改進通道監測，發展靈敏的生物傳感器，使能精確有選擇性的監測介質中的各類分子；改進高性能的化學上限定的培養介質，達到更高密度和高產的培養等等。80年代后期國外在空問細胞飛行裝置內普遍地裝上了1g參照離心機，從而可以在同樣的條件下進行對比試驗，使微重力在細胞水平的影響可以得到比較規范的研究和確認。
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微囊化是固定細胞的一種方法，它是一個由半透性多聚物層包圍的藻酸鹽所形成的復合微滴。這種多聚物是多孔的，可使液體自由進出，但也保護了細胞，可減少在生物反應器中由于發射和返地時重力急劇變化等因素引起的剪切力的損傷作用。
在哺乳動物細胞保存研究方面，有報道用subcooling-in-oil技術保存有生物活性的細胞，以便于今后在空間站的研究。用于宇航試驗的干燥血細胞保存方法，避免了使用冰箱等冷凍設備。標準的收集宇航員血樣的方法是在真空管中的膠分離法(濾過液體成分，保留細胞成分)。在微重力條件下于燥收集和保存可更好地保存樣品的化學特性，如80%的常用分析物可不用電解質保存數月。

The development of space cell culture devices in foreign countries is aimed at the commercialization of space biotechnology to further study the response of cells to microgravity conditions; to improve the design of culture devices under microgravity; to improve channel monitoring and to develop sensitive biosensors so that Can accuray and selectively monitor various types of molecules in the medium; improve high-performance chemically defined medium, to achieve higher density and high yield of culture and so on. In the late 1980s, 1g reference centrifuges were commonly installed in air cell flying devices abroad, so that comparative experiments could be carried out under the same conditions so that the influence of microgravity at the cellular level could be studied and confirmed in a more normative manner.
One of the essential features of anchorage-dependent cells in cell culture is the ability and need to attach to the surface of the object for growth. Cells make themselves in contact with the solid support and sequester by secreting some of the extracellular matrix. On Earth, cells are usually adhered to the solid surface by contact as they sink to the bottom of the flask and onto the microcarriers. The STS-8 space flight test confirmed that the secretion of the cell membrane and adherent proteins in space was normal and that human renal cells were attached to the beads more effectively in the microgravity environment than the ground controls, thus transporting the cells to space Freezing and other methods of immobilization are feasible when needed. This is of paramount importance for the long-term exploration of space in the future and for the basic research in biology at the space station, as well as the commercial development of biotechnology.
Microencapsulation is a method of fixing cells, which is a composite droplet of alginate surrounded by a semipermeable polymer layer. The polymer, which is porous, allows fluid to move in and out freely, but also protects the cells and reduces the damaging effects of shear forces in bioreactors due to such factors as drastic changes in gravity at launch and return.
In mammalian cell preservation studies, it has been reported that biologically active cells are preserved in subcooling-in-oil technology for future research on the ISS. Dry blood cells used in aerospace trials save the method, to avoid the use of refrigerators and other refrigeration equipment. The standard method of collecting astronauts' blood samples is by gel separation in a vacuum tube (filtration of liquid components, retention of cell components). The chemical properties of the sample can be better preserved by collecting and preserving it under microgravity, such as 80% of the commonly used analytes can be stored without electrolytes for several months.